Antibacterial effect of chitosan from squid pens against Porphyromonas gingivalis bacteria.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Chitosan, a polysaccharide derived from squid pens - the squid waste, is gaining considerable interests in biomedical engineering due to the biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and antibacterial activity. It is necessary to eradicate the bacteria from root canal in endodontic treatment, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. P. gingivalis is one of the most prevalently found bacteria in root canals and its presence can cause endodontic treatment failure. This study was conducted to find the antibacterial effect of chitosan from squid pen against P. gingivalis at a certain concentration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chitosan 1.5% (w/v) was diluted in several tubes. The lowest concentration with no bacterial growth was considered to have antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis. RESULTS: There was no bacterial growth in nutrient agar media at the concentration of 10.75%. CONCLUSION: Chitosan that was made from squid pens has antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis.

Pulp Fibroblast Cell Apoptosis After Application of Hema Dentine Bonding Material with Ethanol and Water Solvent.

The most common main materials for dentin bonding for composite resin restoration is 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). HEMA has beneficial physical and chemical properties, and stable, yet toxic. The addition of ethanol or water, may reduce the toxic effect of HEMA. Ethanol solvent has lower H-bonding capacity compared to water solvent, so it can bind less free radicals from the residual monomer. This study aimed to analyze apoptosis due to dentine bonding application with ethanol and water solvent. Fibroblast culture cells were obtained from extracted third molar, by means of tripsinasion method. The cells were divided into 4 groups as reached confluent: cell culture without treatment as control, cell culture with scaffold chitosan, cell culture with scaffold and polymerized dentin bonding with ethanol or water solvent. Apoptosis observation was conducted using immunohistochemistry method with ethidium bromide acridin orange staining, under fluorescent microscope with 40´ magnification. There was a significant difference among groups (p=0.0001), yet no differences found between different solvent. Apoptosis rate in fibroblast cells culture exposed to HEMA bonding with ethanol solvent was 67%, while the cells exposed to HEMA bonding with water solvent was 44%. The effect of dentin bonding with ethanol solvent and water solvent towards apoptosis rate of pulp fibroblast cells is not different.

Pulp fibroblast cell apoptosis after application of hema dentine bonding material with ethanol and water solvent

Abstract The most common main materials for dentin bonding for composite resin restoration is 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA). HEMA has beneficial physical and chemical properties, and stable, yet toxic. The addition of ethanol or water, may reduce the toxic effect of HEMA. Ethanol solvent has lower H-bonding capacity compared to water solvent, so it can bind less free radicals from the residual monomer. This study aimed to analyze apoptosis due to dentine bonding application with ethanol and water solvent. Fibroblast culture cells were obtained from extracted third molar, by means of tripsinasion method. The cells were divided into 4 groups as reached confluent: cell culture without treatment as control, cell culture with scaffold chitosan, cell culture with scaffold and polymerized dentin bonding with ethanol or water solvent. Apoptosis observation was conducted using immunohistochemistry method with ethidium bromide acridin orange staining, under fluorescent microscope with 40´ magnification. There was a significant difference among groups (p=0.0001), yet no differences found between different solvent. Apoptosis rate in fibroblast cells culture exposed to HEMA bonding with ethanol solvent was 67%, while the cells exposed to HEMA bonding with water solvent was 44%. The effect of dentin bonding with ethanol solvent and water solvent towards apoptosis rate of pulp fibroblast cells is not different.

Resumo Os principais materiais para adesão dentinária em restaurações de resina composta são o 2-hidroxietil metacrilato (HEMA). O HEMA possui propriedades físicas e químicas benéficas e estáveis, ainda que tóxicas. A adição de etanol ou água pode reduzir o efeito tóxico do HEMA. O solvente etanol possui uma menor capacidade de ligação H em comparação com o solvente água, de modo que pode ligar menos radicais livres do monômero residual. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a apoptose pela aplicação de adesivos dentinários com solventes etanol e água. Células de cultura de fibroblastos foram obtidas a partir do terceiro molar extraído, por meio do método de tripsinaion. As células foram divididas em 4 grupos como confluentes: cultura celular sem tratamento como controle, cultura celular com arcabouço de quitosana, cultura celular com arcabouço e adesivo dentinário polimerizado com solvente etanol ou água. A observação da apoptose foi realizada utilizando o método imunohistoquímico com coloração com brometo de etídio e acridina laranja, sob microscópio de fluorescência com aumento de 40´. Houve uma diferença significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,0001), mas não houve diferenças entre os solventes. A taxa de apoptose em cultura de células de fibroblastos expostos à adesão baseada em HEMA com solvente etanol foi de 67%, enquanto as células expostas à adesão baseada em HEMA com solvente de água foi de 44%. O efeito da adesão dentinária com solvente etanol e solvente água sobre a taxa de apoptose de células de fibroblastos de polpa não é diferente.

The Comparative Toxicity of Xanthones and Tannins in Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.) Pericarp Extract against BHK-21 Fibroblast Cell Culture.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to compare the toxicity level of xanthones and tannins derived from mangosteen pericarp extract at specific concentrations against BHK-21 fibroblast cell cultures. METHODS: Mangosteen was extracted using a maceration method with ethanol 96%. Xanthones were isolated from the chloroform extract, whereas tannins were isolated using acetone alcohol and serial diluted to 100% concentration. Toxicity levels were monitored after 24 h using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide assay technique by ELISA reader at 620 nm. RESULTS: Viable cells of BHK-21 against xanthone concentration began to decrease (40.24%) at 3.98% xanthones, whereas viable cells of BHK-21 against tannin concentration began to decrease (68.06%) at 2.2% tannins. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that tannins were more toxic than the xanthones derived from mangosteen pericarp.

Extrusion of Irrigant in Open Apex Teeth with Periapical Lesions Following Laser-Activated Irrigation and Passive Ultrasonic Irrigation.

INTRODUCTION: Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) irrigation is critical for the success of endodontic treatment and several agitation techniques have been developed to improve the efficacy of this irrigation. Using a combination of contrast medium and radiographic examination, this study evaluated NaOCl extrusion during agitation of irrigant. Development of pressure, which may result in apical extrusion of the irrigant, has been described during laser-activated irrigation (LAI) and passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI). METHODS AND MATERIALS: We examined 40 single root canals categorized as having open apices with apical lesions in 40 patients. For the final irrigation, the teeth were irrigated with a mixture of radiopaque contrast medium and 2.5% NaOCl in solution. The solution was activated for 60 sec in both groups [the Er, Cr: YSGG laser group (n=20) and the ultrasonic group (n=20)]. The teeth were imaged subsequently using radiography for the evaluation of contrast extrusion. RESULTS: Radiopaque contrast medium was absent from the periapical tissues in all cases. CONCLUSION: Use of LAI or PUI appears to be safe as used currently in endodontic treatment.

Biocompatibility of Yttria-Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystal Seeded with Human Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell.

INTRODUCTION: The scaffold is a place for regeneration of new bone and bone tissue growths in tissue engineering applications. hADMSC is a multipotent cell which can differentiate into osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic. Y-TZP has been shown to have several advantages over other ceramics because of its hard nature, namely fracture toughness and high flexural strength. AIM: This study aimed to analyze the biocompatibility of Y-TZP as a scaffold seeded with hADMSCs by in vitro analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This research involved several processes, namely Y-TZPS manufacture process, XRD examination, differentiation and characterization of hADMSC, SEM observation, and then TT. RESULTS: The results of the XRD examination showed that Y-TZPSs had sharp peaks. It suggests that they had high crystal purity. The marked expression of the characterization of hADMSC is the positive expression of Cluster of differentiation (CD), namely CD 90, CD 73 and CD 105 above NMT and negative expressions of CD 14, CD 19, CD 34, CD 45 and also HLA-DR below NLT. The analysis of observations on the Y-TZPSs with SEM, subsequently, indicated the porosity of Y-TZPSs, as a result, the adhesion of HADMSCs occurred and grew in the porosity in the Y-TZPSs. CONCLUSIONS: Y-TZPSs with low porosity and toxicity can be able to proliferate and differentiate if seeded with hADMSC. Y-TZPSs are expected to be used as implantable biomaterials using hADMSCs with high biocompatibility.

Impact of the Use of Ethanolic Extract of Propolis, Flavonoid and Non-Flavonoid Propolis for Direct Pulp Capping in Collagen Type I Density

Aim: To analysis collagen type I density on inflamed rat dental pulp after capping with propolis. Methods: Flavonoid and non-flavonoid substances were purified from propolis. Eighty male rats were divided into five groups, each group consisting of 16 rats. As a negative control (group I), rats were not conducted any treatment. A class I cavity was prepared on the occlusal surface of right maxillary first molar. Dental pulp was exposed and allowed in oral environment for 60 minutes, then dental pulp capping with ethanolic extract of propolis (group II), flavonoid propolis (group III), non-flavonoid propolis (group IV), or calcium hydroxide as positive control (group V). Rats were sacrificed at 6 hours, 2, 4 or 7 days, biopsy samples were obtained, stained and viewed by light microscope. Data was statistically analysis using Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: Except in group I, collagen type I density was increased in group II, III, and V with the longer of observation time periods. However, in group IV, collagen type I density increased only on day 7. No statistically significant differences of collagen type I density among the groups for each time period were found. Conclusions: Propolis and flavonoid propolis may increase collagen density on inflamed rat dental pulp (AU).

Radiographic examination of apical extrusion of root canal irrigants during cavitation induced by Er,Cr:YSGG laser irradiation: an in vivo study.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that apical extrusion of the irrigant occurs during laser-driven irrigation in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three hundred human root canals, in 181 patients, were divided into two groups: the no lesion group (n = 140) and the lesion group (n = 160). All the root canals were enlarged using a crown down technique up to size 30-80 K-files, depending on the original condition of the root canal. For the final irrigation, the teeth were irrigated with a mixture of radiopaque contrast medium and NaOCl in solution. The solution was activated for 60 s in teeth with one canal or two canals and for 120 s in teeth with three or four canals. RESULTS: Radiopaque contrast medium was absent from the periapical tissues of all samples. CONCLUSIONS: No contrast medium was observed radiographically in the periapical tissues. The hypothesis that apical extrusion of root canal irrigants occur during laser cavitation was rejected CLINICAL RELEVANCE: It appears that the power of the laser used at 1 W for 1-2 min can drive the irrigation solution to the tip of the canal without harming the apical tissues.